Battery Management System of an Electric Vehicle

Abstract

With the increasing demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy systems, Battery Management Systems (BMS) have become crucial for the efficient and safe operation of rechargeable batteries. This paper presents an overview of the BMS of an electric vehicle, covering battery fundamentals, lithium-ion batteries, BMS functions, wireless communication, cell balancing, thermal management, safety features and communication protocols. The BMS protects the battery from operation outside its safe operating area, monitors voltage, current and temperature, estimates State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH) and State of Power (SoP), and manages cell balancing and thermal conditions. The paper also discusses distributed and wireless BMS architectures and future developments including wireless battery management and solid-state batteries.